RESUMO
Isoetes candelariensis is a new species of Isoetaceae from Misiones, Argentina. This species is ephemeral, and grows on basaltic bedrock outcrop pools, in Urutau Reserve from Candelaria Department. This taxon differs from other aquatic Isoetes in this region by the unique combination of characters of its leaves, ligule, labium and megaspore ornamentation.
Assuntos
Traqueófitas , Argentina , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.
Assuntos
Apocynaceae/genética , Evolução Biológica , Insetos , Polinização/genética , Animais , Biodiversidade , AvesRESUMO
This work is based in the investigation about the persistence of the use of medicinal plants in the communities inhabiting the wetlands within IberaÌ Natural Reserve. From the participant observation and semi-structured interviews, together with the collection of reference plants, the use of 90 medicinal plants to treat 171 ailments, distributed in 12 body systems was recorded. In addition, the informant consensus factor was also calculated and a correspondence analysis was made. It was concluded that the use and knowledge associated to medicinal plants remains active, depending mostly of the native species. For this reason, the maintenance and access to the native flora by ancestral communities is suggested, to conserve the biological and cultural diversity of the IberaÌ Natural Reserve.
El presente trabajo se basoÌ en la indagacioÌn acerca de la persistencia del uso de las plantas medicinales por parte de comunidades que habitan los humedales circunscritos dentro de la Reserva Natural IberaÌ. A partir de la observacioÌn participante y de entrevistas semi- estructuradas, junto a la colecta de los vegetales testigo, se registroÌ el uso de 90 plantas medicinales para tratar 171 afecciones, distribuidas en 12 sistemas corporales. AdemaÌs, se calculoÌ el indice de uso del consenso de informantes y se realizoÌ un anaÌlisis de correspondencias. Se concluyoÌ que el uso y los saberes vinculados a las plantas medicinales se mantienen activos, dependiendo en mayor medida de las especies nativas. Por este motivo, se sugiere mantener el acceso hacia la flora nativa por parte de las comunidades ancestrales con el fin de conservar la diversidad bioloÌgica y cultural presentes en la Reserva Natural IberaÌ.
Assuntos
Humanos , Plantas Medicinais , Etnobotânica , Fitoterapia , Argentina , Inquéritos e Questionários , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
Numerous studies highlight the importance of phytotherapy for indigenous and non-indigenous people in different parts of the world. In this work we analyze the richness (number of species), diversity (plant identity and the number of illnesses for which it is used) and similarity of plant species and illnesses treated with them, in order to contribute new data and insight into the importance of plant medicines to the local medical systems of people living in Misiones province, in the subtropics of Argentina. Three sympatric groups were compared: Guarani Indians, Criollos (mestizos) and Polish migrants. Quantitative scrutiny was focused on both primary and secondary sources. The similarity and diversity of medicinal plants and uses between groups was calculated by applying the Sørensen quantitative coefficient and the Shannon-Wiener index, respectively. In order to identify the characteristic plant species used by each group, the Cultural Importance and Prevalence Value (CIPV) was calculated based on the species Indicator Value (IndVal), which combines a species relative abundance with its relative frequency of occurrence in the various groups, and modified according to the type of the analyzed data. The important finding is a great variation in the number of species used by the study groups. Altogether, 509 botanical species were registered: Guarani (397), Criollos (243) and Polish migrants (137). For all groups, the use of native medicinal plants prevailed. The Guarani appear to be the local experts in use of medicinal plants. There is the significant difference in the number of treated illnesses by each taxon among three groups. Criollos and Polish migrants exhibit the greatest similarity in illnesses treated with medicinal plants. These groups share a corpus of knowledge related to illness nosology, and have a symptomatic approach to illness treatment. The Guarani have an etiological approach to illness diagnosis and healing, which may be viewed as a barrier to the exchange of knowledge about home medicine with other ethnic groups of Misiones.
